Interesting Science

24th January 2007: The first public presentation on the earliest continuous Semitic text ever deciphered took place today at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

The presentation was made by Professor Richard Steiner, professor of Semitic languages and literature at Yeshiva University in New York, in a lecture entitled "Proto-Canaanite Spells in the Pyramid Texts: A First Look at the History of Hebrew in the Third Millennium B.C.E." [1]. The lecture was sponsored by the Academy of the Hebrew Language in cooperation with the Hebrew University and the World Union of Jewish Studies.

Professor Steiner, a past fellow of the Institute of Advanced Studies at the Hebrew University and a member of the Academy of the Hebrew Language, has deciphered a number of Semitic texts in various Egyptian scripts over the past 25 years. In his lecture today he interprets Semitic passages in Egyptian texts that were discovered more than a century ago, inscribed on the subterranean walls of the pyramid of King Unas at Saqqara in Egypt. The pyramid dates from the 24th century B.C.E., but Egyptologists agree that the texts are older. The dates proposed for them range from the 25th to the 30th centuries B.C.E. No continuous Semitic texts from this period have ever been deciphered before.

The passages, serpent spells written in hieroglyphic characters, had puzzled scholars who tried to read them as if they were ordinary Egyptian texts. In August, 2002, Professor Steiner received an email message from Robert Ritner [2], professor of Egyptology at the University of Chicago, asking whether any of them could be Semitic. "I immediately recognized the Semitic words for 'mother snake,"' said Steiner. "Later it became clear that the surrounding spells, composed in Egyptian rather than Semitic, also speak of the mother snake, and that the Egyptian and Semitic texts elucidate each other."

Although written in Egyptian characters, the texts turned out to be composed in the Semitic language spoken by the Canaanites in the third millennium B.C.E., a very archaic form of the languages later known as Phoenician and Hebrew. The Canaanite priests of the ancient city of Byblos, in present-day Lebanon, provided these texts to the kings of Egypt.

The port city of Byblos was of vital importance for the ancient Egyptians. It was from there that they imported timber for construction and resin for mummification. The new discovery shows that they also imported magical spells to protect royal mummies against poisonous snakes that were thought to understand Canaanite. Although the Egyptians viewed their culture as far superior to that of their neighbors, their morbid fear of snakes made them open to the borrowing of Semitic magic.

"This finding should be of great interest to cultural historians," said Professor Steiner. "Linguists, too, will be interested in these texts. They show that Proto-Canaanite, the common ancestor of Phoenician, Moabite, Ammonite and Hebrew, existed already in the third millennium B.C.E as a language distinct from Aramaic, Ugaritic, and the other Semitic languages. And they provide the first direct evidence for the pronunciation of Egyptian in this early period." The texts will also be important to biblical scholars, since they shed light on several rare words in the Bible, he said.

"This is a sensational discovery," said Moshe Bar-Asher, Bialik Professor of Hebrew Language at the Hebrew University and president of the Academy of the Hebrew Language. "It is the earliest attestation of a Semitic language, in general, and Proto-Canaanite, in particular."

Image: Spell from the Egyptian pyramid text states in a Semitic language, but written in hieroglyphics: "Mother snake, mother snake says mucus-mucus."

Source: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

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[1] ABZU* entry:

Proto-Canaanite Spell in the Pyramid Texts [Text in Hebrew]

Steiner, Richard.

Publication Year: 2007
Type of Material: Article
Publisher: The Academy of the Hebrew Language
Place of Publication: Jerusalem
Subject: Egypt, Canaanite
Online access: http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/PDF/steiner.pdf

ABZU Record number: 19727.Created: 1/25/2007 2:00:13 Last Modified: 2007-01-25 02:07:20 .

*"Abzu is a guide to networked open access data relevant to the study and public presentation of the Ancient Near East and the Ancient Mediterranean world."

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See Alleged Proto Canaanite spells** by Thomas Schneider, Chair in Egyptology, University of Wales Swansea:

"In response to the announcement of the alleged discovery of
Proto-Canaanite spells in the Pyramid Texts by Richard Steiner ...I think
it is imperative to be extremely cautious. As far as I see, the author
did not account for the most recent Egyptological treatment of the
spells in questions..."

** Originally posted to The Egyptologists' Electronic Forum Mailing List (EEF list)

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[2] See Robert Ritner's "Practical Egyptian Magical Spells":

"Spell for drinking Beer (prophylaxis for Hangover)

Hail to you Lady of Hetepet (Hathor, goddess of drunkenness)! There is no restraining Seth when he has set his heart on conquering a heart in that name of his of "Beer," to confuse a heart, to conquer the heart of an enemy, a fiend, a male ghost, a female ghost, etc. This spell is said during the drinking of beer; to be spat up. Truly effective, (proved) millions of times!

Retranslated from: J. F. Borghouts, The Magical Texts of P. Leiden I 348, Leiden: 1971, p. 27 (no. 24) and pl. 13 (col. 13/3-5)."

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